Remerciez-le!

Remerciez @Admin pour avoir partagé cet document gratuitement, de la manière la plus simple, en partageant sur les réseaux sociaux.

Sibel khi r faiza People ? s Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scienti ?c Research El-Hadj Lakhdar University of Batna Faculty of Sciences Department of matter science Dissertation Presented by Faiza Si belkhir In

People ? s Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scienti ?c Research El-Hadj Lakhdar University of Batna Faculty of Sciences Department of matter science Dissertation Presented by Faiza Si belkhir In partial ful ?llment of the requirements for the degree of Magister in Physics Option Astrophysics Theme Cosmic Ray Dosimetry Jury Members Chairman Mr A BOULDJEDRI Reporter Mr R ATTALLAH Examiners Mr J MIMOUNI Mr A SID Prof University of Batna Prof University of Annaba Prof University of Constantine M C University of Batna CRépublique Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l ? Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scienti ?que Faculté des Sciences Département de Science la Matière Mémoire Présenté par Faiza Si belkhir En vue de l ? obtention du Diplôme de Magistère en physique Option Astrophysique Thème Cosmic Ray Dosimetry Devant le Jury Président Mr A BOULDJEDRI Rapporteur Mr R ATTALLAH Examinateurs Mr J MIMOUNI Mr A SID Prof Université of Batna Prof Université of Annaba Prof Université of Constantine M C Université of Batna CCONTENTS List of ?gures vi List of tables viii Acknowledgments x Introduction Chapter Cosmic Rays History The main properties of cosmic rays Composition Energy spectrum Isotropy Origin and acceleration mechanisms Acceleration mechanisms Cosmic ray sources Air shower Electromagnetic shower Hadronic shower Detection of cosmic rays Direct detection Indirect detection CChapter Dosimetry Introduction Ionizing radiation Biological e ?ects of ionizing radiation Stochastic e ?ects Deterministic e ?ects Dosimetric quantities and units Physical quantities Protection quantities Operational quantities Dosimetric methods Ionizing method Thermoluminescence method Chemical method Calorimetric method Chapter Cosmic ray dosimetry Cosmic ray spectra in the atmosphere Neutron spectra Proton and helium ion spectra Electron positron and photon spectra Secondary muon spectra Cosmic ray dosimetry in the atmosphere C Fluence to dose conversion coe ?cients Cosmic ray dosimetry at ground level Cosmic ray dosimetry at high altitude Comparison between the experimental and calculated data Conclusion Bibliography v CList of ?gures Chapter Relative abundances of primary cosmic rays for ? Z ? Energy spectrum of all particles primary cosmic rays Modulation of primary spectrum by the -year cycle of the sun Energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays scaled by a factor E- Sources directions of UHECRs measured by AGASA Map in galactic coordinates with the positions of the AGNs within Mpc stars and the events with E EeV circles of radius Shading indicates regions of equal exposure Sketch of a collision of a charged particle with moving magnetic cloud Pulsar of Crab This image is a composition of images optical red and X blue observed respectively by the space telescope Hubble and the Chandra observatory Schematic view of the creation of electromagnetic shower in the atmosphere Schematic view of the creation of hadronic shower in the atmosphere Vertical uxes of cosmic rays in the atmosphere with E GeV Detection of ?-ray through Cerenkov radiation One telescope of HESS experiment KASCADE experiment Pierre Auger Observatory array in the Argentinean Pampa Chapter Schema of a gas ?lled detector Typical behavior at