When paraphrasing: • Don’t copy the original sentence • Don’t use too many of t
When paraphrasing: • Don’t copy the original sentence • Don’t use too many of the original words • Don’t change the meaning of the original sentence • Don’t leave out important information The process of paraphrasing: • Identify grammar structures and key words • Change grammar structures • Change words • Change word order Grammar structures: • independent and dependent clauses • word forms: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs • clauses: adjective, noun, and adverb clauses • phrases: prepositional phrases, participial phrases (reduced clauses) • verb phrases: active voice and passive voice, phrasal verbs • connecting words: coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs • transitional words and phrases Relationships between ideas: cause/effect, purpose, manner, comparison, contrast, opposition, concession, time, place, condition, addition Paraphrasing Example: Those whose self-esteem is low do not necessarily see themselves as worthless or wicked, but they seldom say good things about themselves. (Psychology by David G. Myers, page 608) Grammar structures: • adjective clause: whose self-esteem is low • verb phrase: do not see themselves as worthless or wicked • verb phrase: seldom say good things about themselves Relationships between ideas • There are people who have low self–esteem. • They do not necessarily see themselves as worthless or wicked. • They seldom say good things about themselves. • Opposition: but Key words: • self-esteem • low • necessarily • see • worthless • wicked • but • seldom • say • good Synonyms: • self-esteem: self-worth, self-respect • low: poor, unfavorable, negative, bad • necessarily: inevitably, automatically, inexorably, certainly, definitely • see: view, perceive, describe, think of worthless: unworthy, useless, no-good, of little/no value, despicable • wicked: evil, sinful, bad, immoral, corrupt, dishonorable, unethical, unholy • but: however, although, though, even though, while, whereas • seldom: rarely, hardly ever, infrequently • say: talk, speak • good: positive, nice, favorable Possible paraphrases: • People with low self-esteem don’t necessarily view themselves as evil or worthless; however, they rarely talk positively about themselves. • Although they hardly ever speak favorably about themselves, people who have poor self-esteem do not inevitably perceive themselves as useless or bad. • People with a low opinion of themselves generally describe themselves in negative terms, even though they don’t think they are really bad. • People with low self-esteem may or may not think of themselves in strongly negative ways, but they rarely say anything positive about themselves. Paraphrasing Exercise 1 Paraphrase each part of this sentence in three different ways. It is not illegal in some cultures to be married to more than one woman, but the monogamous relationship is the most common. (Barron’s TOEFL iBT Internet-Based Test 2008 by Pamela J. Sharpe, page 96) It is not illegal in some cultures to be married to more than one woman 1. 2. 3. but 1. 2. 3. the monogamous relationship is the most common. 1. 2. 3. Combine these paraphrases into three different sentences. 1. 2. 3. Possible Paraphrases The following quote can be paraphrased in several ways. It is not illegal in some cultures to be married to more than one woman, but the monogamous relationship is the most common. (Barron’s TOEFL iBT Internet-Based Test 2008 by Pamela J. Sharpe, page 96)) 1. In some cultures polygamy is legal; however, monogamy is found in most cultures. 2. Although having more than one wife is allowed in some countries, being married to one wife is the norm. 3. Even though polygamy is accepted in some places, monogamy is more widely practiced. 4. Although having a multiple number of wives is not against the law in some cultures; most men marry only one wife. 5. Most people choose monogamy, even though polygamy is legal in some countries. In explaining the grammar and vocabulary, I show that chunks of information can have similar meanings: it is not illegal = is legal, is allowed, is accepted, is not against the law in some cultures = in some countries, in some places, to be married to more than one woman = polygamy, having more than one wife, having a multiple number of wives but = however, although, even though, the monogamous relationship = monogamy, being married to one wife, marry only one wife is the most common = most cultures, is the norm, is more widely practiced, most men, most people Paraphrase each part of this sentence in three different ways. Some 10 million girls a year are married off before the age of 18 across the world, according to a UNICEF report released this year. (“What Is It Like To Be a Child Bride?” by Nel Hedayat, BBC News Magazine, October 4, 2011) some 10 million girls a year 1. 2. 3. are married off before the age of 18 1. 2. 3. across the world 1. 2. 3. according to a UNICEF report released this year 1. 2. 3. Combine these paraphrases into three different sentences. 1. 2. 3. uploads/Societe et culture/ paraphrasing-guide.pdf
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- Publié le Jui 11, 2022
- Catégorie Society and Cultur...
- Langue French
- Taille du fichier 0.0709MB