1st session Introduction:  Research is all about addressing an issue or asking

1st session Introduction:  Research is all about addressing an issue or asking and answering a question or solving a problem.  The steps for doing a research: 1. Identify an issue, a question, or a problem. 2. Find out what's already known and what is unknown (That is by: T alking with experts and read the reviews and the original research on the topic) then try to fill the gap. 3. Start the plan. The plan should include: a. The place of doing the research, b. Cost vs. the benefit (if the cost greater than the benefit, then no need for it), c. The subjects and the sample size involved in the research (The smaller the sample, the more the uncertainty so you usually need large sample size), d. Time the study should take. 4. Start doing your study according to the plan. 5. Write it up and submit it for publication.  The impact factor: is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to recent articles published in the journal. The journals with higher impact factors are more important than those with lower ones. T o find the impact factor of specific journal, write it is name in google followed by impact factor, e.x. American journal of applied science impact factor Google search Impact factor= #citations / #articles published  The basic structure of a scientific paper: 1. Title: Making the work clear to the reader without having to read the paper itself. 2. Abstract or summary: is a brief summary of the research article and it should not be more than 250 words, it includes Background, Methods, Results and Conclusions. It tells you what is the article about and should you continue reading or not. 3. Introduction: included what is already done in the topic (literature review) then the Purpose and hypothesis of the study. 4. Methodology: includes details of the steps taken to gather the data and the process of the study (if you have more ways in methodology, that means you have stronger paper). The methodology should allow others to replicate the study. 5. Results: identify findings, Explain graphs and pictures and includes statistical analysis 6. Discussion: includes explanation of findings, limitations and future directions. 7. Acknowledgment and Grant: includes gratitude and thanks for what anyone have done for you. 8. References: is a citation to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source).  Other items included in the research paper: 1. Authors: first author "the author who did the most of the work", then the rest of the authors should arrange depends on the work they did. Corresponding author (last author): The person who the work done in his lab, 2. Date of publishing, 3. journal’s name.  Types of the research and articles: 1. Basic research: the research trying to answer basic question, e.x. the increase of the heart rate will increase blood flow. 2. Clinical research: the research involves patients to determine the safety and effectiveness of medication. 3. Review article: to read a lot about specific topic (ex. Disease) and what is recently discovered about it, then to collect all information and establish it in one review article. 4. Clinical trial phases: steps of experiments for a medication in order to find enough evidence for a process which would be useful as a medical treatment (phase 1: small group of 20–100, phase 2: larger group (100-300) …etc.) 5. Meta-analysis: to collect the results from many publication and try to analyze their results in order to know which one is reliable and correct. 6. Cross sectional study "prevalence study": is a descriptive study that deal with the entire population in a specific period of time (ex. How many people with lung cancer visit my clinic?) (consider the present neither past nor future) 7. Case study: a report of a rare case you treated to make other physicians know about it. 8. Case series: similar to case study, but here the sample size is between 3 to 8. 9. Cohort study "Prospective study": study to assess the association between a risk factor and an illness by sampling both exposed to risk factor and unexposed subjects and then following them for a period of time (consider the future). First Author Corresponding Author Institution’s address Publishing Date Journal's Name 10.Case control study "Retrospective study": study to assess the association between a risk factor and an illness by sampling both diseases and non-diseased subjects and then look to their history to know the risk factor leading to the disease (consider the past). 11.Randomized control trials (RCL): used to test the efficacy or effectiveness of various types of medical intervention within a patient population. RCT s may also provide an opportunity to gather useful information about adverse effects, such as drug reactions. * No need to understand all of this table because it will be explained later. Summary of Observational Studies (cohort, case control and cross-sectional)  Types of methods using in research: 1. In vivo: to do the study within the living body. 2. In vitro: to do the study in an artificial environment outside a living organism. 3. Quantitive method: You gather data with an instrument, such as a stopwatch, a blood test, or a structured questionnaire like multiple choice questions (ex. Cohort, case control and cross- sectional studies). 4. Qualitative method: You gather information or themes from texts or conversations (open questions) (ex. Case series and case reports studies). 5. Open-labeled method*: all people involved in the study know everything. 6. Single blind method*: the patients (only) don’t know the administered drug or placebo. 7. Double blind method*: Both the patients and the investigators don’t know the administered drug or placebo. 8. Tertiary blind method*: the patients, investigators and analyzers don’t know the administered drug or placebo. * The more the blindness, the more the study is reliable. How to do a literature search in "www.pubmed.com": PubMed is a database and the database contain many journals and the journal contain many articles. Note: Volume issue is a collection of many issues that published periodically.  PubMed just looking in abstract, topic, institutes and authors. T ype of blindness patient investigator analyzer Open-labeled yes yes yes Single blind no yes yes Double blind no no yes T ertiary no no no  Open www.pubmed.com then go to the field of search. You should search for a key words and be aware of: 1. Research topic (Be specific). 2. Similar and related terms: cardiac-heart. 3. Spellings and terminology: Behaviour or Behavior. 4. Singulars and plurals: singular is better than pleural. Some helpful options in PubMed:  Filters: to choose specific types of research (ex. Clinical research or basic research) of a topic you search about, just go to the left side of the page and you will find "article type" and choose the type/s you want to search about.  Advanced search: In advance search you can use the combining terms: and, or and not. Also you can build a search by clicking on "add to the builder" of any search in the history to be more specific in the search. Also you can search for the name of the author, journal, affiliation and many other options.  Send to: if you want to send the article to anyone just go to the option send to above the page.  Save search: to make sure that any article that will publish in future in specific topic will send to your e-mail "this option just below the field of search".  PMID: the ID number of each article in PubMed and it is usually used for the references which by search for all PMID numbers of the references (space between each one).  MeSH database (Medical Subject Headings): from homepage choose it instead of PubMed, and it is a comprehensive controlled vocabulary for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books. So if you search about a specific disease, it will provide you for all subheadings of this disease. After that you can add it to "PubMed search builder" in the right of the page then click on PubMed search to find all articles talking about this diseases. Practice: In critically ill patients, what factors or characteristics increase the risk of developing pressure sores? This is an etiology/risk factor question, to search of it in PubMed type in advance search: Etiology or risk factor and critical ill patient and pressure sore and case control study. 2nd session How to critically appraise an article? You should look for three steps: 1. Validity: you should make sure that the study was: a. Randomization: (If yes, how was it done? (ex. Computer based) Is it concealed?) Concealed means hidden. b. Blind to treatment: (open-label, single blinded, double blinded, triple blinded), The more the blindness, the more the validity. c. Similar baseline of both groups (both in the same condition or status). d. Equal treatment of both groups. e. Follow up rate should be at least 80%. uploads/Sante/ ros-guide.pdf

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