La COLLECTION TURCICA est publiee sous l'egide de la revue Turcica et de l'equi

La COLLECTION TURCICA est publiee sous l'egide de la revue Turcica et de l'equipe de recherche c Centre d'crudes turques, ortcmanes, balkaniques et centre-asiatiques (CETOBaC) - UMR 8032 » (CNRS, Ecole des hautes etudes en sciences sociales, College de France). A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-429-2598-4 (peelers Leuven) ISBN 978-2-7584-0146-9 (Peeters France) D/20 13/0602/35 © PEETERS, Bondgenorenlaan 153,8-3000 Leuven Taus droirs de reproduction, d'udapration ou de traduction, par quelque precede que ce SOil, reserves pour tous pays sans l'autorisation ecrite de l'editeur ou de ses ayants droits. COLLECTION TURCICA VOL. XIX Penser, agir et vi vre dans 1'Empire ottoman et en Turquie Etudes reunies pour Francois Georgeon Nathalie CLAYER et Erdal KAYNAR PEETERS PARIS - LOUVAIN - WALPOLE, MA 2013 ..... -----------------J Georgetown University Library NOV 212013 TABLE DES MATrERES Nathalie CLAYERet Erdal KAYNAR Avant-propos . XI Bibliographie de Francois Georgeon ..............•........ XJU PREMIERE PARTlE Ideologies et politiques au tournant des XIX' et xx- siecles Masami MAl Citizen, Liberty and Equality in Late Ottoman Discourse 3 Hamit BOZARSLAN Parcours kurdes SOllS Ie regne hamidien 15 Wajda SENDESNI The Young Turks and the Arabs in Egypt between Ottoma- nism, Pan-Islamism and Nationalism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I Anno-Laure DUPONT De 1a demeure du califat aux « decouvertes parisiennes » : Muhammad al-Sanusi (185 I-1900), un lettre reformiste tuni- sien a l'epreuve du Protectoral francais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Nathalie CLAYER The Young Turks and the Albanians or Young Turkism and Albanianism? .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Dorothee GUlLLEMARRE Les temps de la revolution de 1908 chez Huseyin Cahid Yalcm, Quelques perspectives de recherche . . . . . . . 83 DEUXIEME PARTIE Presse et intellectuels au temps d' Abdiilhamid et apres Bernard LORY Une cornemuse sur la Come d'or : Gajda, journal satirique bulgare (1863-1867) . 93 t ~~ NathalieCLAYER THE YOUNG TURKS AND THE ALBANIANS OR YOUNG TURKISM AND ALBANIANISM? In the literature on the Young Turk revolution or on the Albanians in the late Ottoman Empire, one of the themes often treated is the relation between the "Young Turks" and the "Albanians." In this paper,' I want to ask if the issue is pertinent. In fact, I argue that a more pertinent ques- tion would be that of the relations between "Young Turkism" and "Alba- nianism, " "The Young Turks and the Albanians" in Existing Literature It is often assumed in studies dedicated to the Young Turk revolution that- the Albanians played a role in the Young Turk movement and in the events of 1908. This role is evaluated in different ways: sometimes it is considered as a key role, sometimes as an important role, whilst in other studies it is not particularly mentioned. Of course, the chosen perspective (general or provincial) can be responsible for these variations. When present, the relations between the Young Turks and the Albani- ans are usually described and analysed through different themes: the participation of some Albanians in the Young Turk movement from 1889 onwards (especially the activities of Thrahim Temo, ismail Kemal, and others); the Macedonian question and the Albanians; and the part the latter played in the revolution itself (by which is meant the role of Niyazi Resneli, presented as an Albanian, the rallying of the Albanian cete« and the role played by the gathering of Kosovo Albanians at Firzovik/Fer- izovic). Further themes include the way the Albanians welcomed the proclamation of the revolution; the relations between Young Turk com- mittees and Albanian committees after the revolution; the reactions Nathalie Clayer, CNRS/EHESS (Paris) I In memory of a workshop and time spent in Princeton. ----- ..... 68 NATHALIE CLA YER towards the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina; the elections and the Albanians in Parliament; the role of the Albanians in the counter-revo- lution of April 1909; and, lastly (10 take just the period 1908-1909), the question of the alphabet and language. The relations between the Alba- nians and the Hamidian regime are also often taken as factors of analysis. as are relations between the Albanians and the Ottoman Empire (notably through the recurrent evocation of the large number of "Albanian" grand viziers), and sometimes between the Albanians and the Turks as well. The main idea (of course often nuanced) is that Albanians were part of the Young Turk movement and actively supported the revolution on the ground, but that problems appeared with some nationalists prior to the revolution, and above aU after it when the Albanians sided with the partisans of the decentralisation, and so against the policy of centralisa- tion and Turkification of Ihe Empire conducted by the CUP (Committee of Union and Progress). In fact, the authors of studies on the Young Turk period do not always consider the "Albanians" as a whole. In their analyses they sometimes use other categories such as that of the" Albanian leadership," "Albanian nationalists" or "Albanian patriots," "Albanian notables," "Albanian organizations," "Muslim Albanians," "Kosovo Albanians" or Albanians in this and that place. But the distinction between these categories is not always made clear and is rarely analysed. The introduction of regional diversity, for example, leads some authors to deem the position of the Albanians to be unclear or ambiguous, rather than to question the cate- gory itself.' Ethnic Groups, Discourses, Individuals, and Networks Approaching the issue in this way poses two main problems. First of all, most of the studies more or less take the Albanians to be an "ethnic group" forming a whole. As Vangelis Kechriotis has suggested in his dissertation on the Greeks of Izmir, the treatment of certain groups as homogeneous entities disregards the diverse social profiles, views and interest groups among them.' As far as the "Albanians" are concerned 2 See for example Aykul Kansu, The Revolution of 1908ill Turkey, Leiden-New York- Cologne, Brill, 1997, p. 177 and 179. 3 VangeLis Kechriotis, Cultural Representations and political activity of the Creek- Orthodox community in lunir, /897-1912, PhD dissertation, Leiden, p. 16, n. 12; p. 33 and 43-44. THE YOUNG TURKS AND THE ALBANIANS 69 for example, it is generally asserted that they had a special position under Harnidian rule. In fact, only some "Albanians" were in such a "privi- leged position." The exemption status, which implied the non-payment of certain taxes and the non-enrolment for conscription, existed in the Northern border regions of the Kosova and Iskodra vilayets and in some mountainous areas of other provinces, but not elsewhere. The extent and means of integration into the Ottoman administration was also wholly different from region to region. Geo-political and social configurations were very diverse in the Western fringe of the Ottoman possessions in the Balkans, where people spoke Albanian, presented themselves as Albanians, or were considered to be Albanians." And even at the micro- regional level, the population was far from being socially homogeneous. This leads us to another type of problem: determining who is "Alba- nian" and the confusion between discourses and realities. Indeed it is not so easy to define who the "Albanians" were. At that time the term cer- tainly designated different groups depending on the person using it and the context in which it was used. Did all the people speaking Albanian or originating from the region called Albania defines themselves as Alba- nians in all circumstances? Were other sorts of identification more rel- evant - such as religious, regional or socio-professional identification? Where did the borders of "Albania" lie, in particular with Macedonia? Was the language spoken an equally determining factor in a province such as Macedonia where Muslims and Christians spoke Slavic lan- guages, Greek, Turkish, Romanian and/or Albanian? These questions need to be asked, but they are not always easy to answer. However, if the so-called "Albanians" are often considered as a whole, it is also because in the contemporary sources - the press, Ottomans archival documents, consular reports, memoirs, etc. - we find the notions of "Albanian" or "Albanians." But what do these terms refer to? In contemporary discourse the terms were indeed used. But we cannot take them to really mean that such an ethno-national group had certain features, thought this way, acted that way, or had certain expectations. Rather we have to try to understand who employed the image of such an ethno-national group, and why, when, and how these individuals used it in their networking activities or their political and social competitions against other individuals or interest groups. Indeed as Frederick Barth has written: "The fact that the actors themselves adopt these reifications has of Nathalie Clayer, AI/X origines du nationatisme albanais, Paris, Karthala, 2007, p. 59. ___________ 411III 70 NATHALIE CLA YER to be integrated in our models, but it does not give us carte blanche to do the same. "5 Young Turkism, Albanianism, Albania and uploads/Science et Technologie/ the-young-turks-and-the-albanians-or-young-turkism-and-albanianism.pdf

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