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Belonging in Exile and "Home": The Politics of Repatriation in South Asia Nasre

Belonging in Exile and "Home": The Politics of Repatriation in South Asia Nasreen Chowdhory, Department ofPolitical Science McGill University, Montreal February 2007 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Docfor of Philosophy (PhD) © Copyright Nasreen Chowdhory, 2007 1+1 Libraryand Archives Canada Bibliothèque et Archives Canada Published Heritage Branch Direction du Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada NOTICE: The author has granted a non- exclusive license allowing Library and Archives Canada to reproduce, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, communicate to the public by telecommunication or on the Internet, loan, distribute and sell theses worldwide, for commercial or non- commercial purposes, in microform, paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright ownership and moral rights in this thesis. Neither the thesis nor substantial extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author's permission. ln compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms may have been removed from this thesis. While these forms may be included in the document page count, their removal does not represent any loss of content from the thesis. • •• Canada AVIS: Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-38574-6 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-38574-6 L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou autres formats. L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la protection de la vie privée, quelques formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de cette thèse. Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. ABSTRACT My dissertation discusses refugee rights and post-repatriation integration in South Asia in the context of debates over "citizenship." Postcolonial state-formation processes in South Asia have profoundly shaped questions of belonging and membership. As a result, official citizenship has become an important marker of group inclusion and exclusion in South Asian states. Using the literature on citizenship, 1 discuss the "belonging" claims ofnon-citizens (refugees) and argue that in practice this "belonging" extends beyond the state-centric "citizenship" view of membership. In doing so, 1 address two sets of interrelated questions: what factors determine whether or not refugees will be repatriated in South Asia, and why do sorne repatriated groups re-integrate more successfully than others in "post-peace" South Asian states? 1 answer these questions through a study ofrefugees from Sri Lanka and Bangladesh who sought asylum in lndia and were later repatriated to their countries of origin. The politics of postcolonial state- formation and subsequent discriminatory policies on language in Sri Lanka and non- recognition of the Jumma people in Bangladesh encouraged many citizens to flee to lndia as refugees. 1 argue, first, that lndia's state-centric politics of non-recognition ofthe two refugee groups contributed to their later repatriation. In the absence of rights and status in exile, refugees turned to "home" as a place to belong. 1 then analyze the post-repatriation variations in accommodation in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh as most refugees attempted to reclaim the lost identity and "citizenship" at "home" through the process of repatriation. However these countries pursued strategies of limited accommodation, which led to the minimal or partial re-integration of the two returnee-refugee groups. 11 RÉSUMÉ Ma dissertation discute les droits de réfugiés et leur intégration post-rapatriement en Asie du Sud dans le contexte des discussions sur la «citoyenneté». Les processus de formation d'état postcolonial en Asie du Sud ont profondément formé les questions d'appartenance et d'adhésion. En conséquence, la citoyenneté officielle est devenue un marqueur important d'inclusion et d'exclusion de groupe dans les états sud asiatiques. En utilisant la littérature sur la citoyenneté, je discute des réclamations d' «appartenance» des non-citoyens (réfugiés) et je présente l'argument qu'en pratique cet appartenance se prolonge au-delà de la vue état-centrale de «citoyenneté» de l'adhésion. De cette manière, j'adresse deux ensembles de questions en parallèle: Quels facteurs déterminent si des réfugiés seront rapatriés en Asie du Sud? et Pourquoi quelques groupes rapatriés se re-intègrent-ils avec plus de succès que d'autres dans les états sud asiatiques d' «après-paix»? Je tente de répondre à ces questions par l'intermédiaire d'une étude des réfugiés du Sri Lanka et du Bangladesh qui ont cherché l'asile en Inde et plus tard ont été rapatriés à leurs pays d'origine. La politique de la formation d'état postcolonial et des politiques discriminatoires sur la langue au Sri Lanka et la non-reconnaissance des personnes de Jumma au Bangladesh résultants ont incité plusieurs citoyens à se réfugier en l'Inde. En premier lieu, je souligne que la politique de l'état-central de l'Inde de la non- reconnaissance des deux groupes de réfugiés a contribué à leur rapatriement. En absence des droits dans leur statut en exil, les réfugiés se sont tournés vers la «patrie» comme l'endroit d'appartenance. J'analyse par la suite les variations de logement au Sri Lanka et au Bangladesh en état post-rapatriement. Bien que les réfugiés aient essayé de reprendre 111 l'identité et la citoyenneté perdues à la patrie par le processus du rapatriement, leurs pays d'origine ont poursuivi des stratégies de logement limité menant à la réintégration minimale ou partielle des deux groupes de réfugiés-retournés. IV CONTENTS i\C;}C~()~~~I)(J~1v1~~llS ----------------------------------------------------------------------\Tiii i\B B REV1i\ ll1 ()~S --------------------------------------------------------------------------------xiii C;1Ii\J>ll~Fl 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 1lltroClllctioll ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 llhe C;olltext of Flefugee (Jel1eratioll ---------------------------------------------------------- 6 Flesearch Qllestiolls ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 Hypotheses---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Case Selectioll----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 1v1ethoClology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 J>rocess of I)ata C;ollectioll---------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Tamil Flefllgees ill 1lldia, Sri ~al11.Œ ----------------------------------------------------- 14 Jllffima Fletllffiees ill FChagracharri, C;hittagollg lIill llracts -------------------------- 15 The i\rgllffiellt ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 O\Tef\Tiew of the Chapters---------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 CIIi\J>T~Fl 2 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28 Debatillg "Belollgillg" alld COllstructioll of "lIome" amollg Flefllgees: llhe C;ase of SOllth i\sia----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28 I)etermillallts of Belollgillg ill ~xile alld "lIome" ill Flefllgee ~ arrati\Tes -------------- 29 C;ollstructioll alld Flecollstructioll of "lIome" ill Flefugee ~arrati\Tes ------------------- 36 "Flepatriatioll" ill Flefllgee Stlldies: The Flefllgee J>erspecti\Te---------------------------- 39 "Flepatriatioll" ill the 1lltematiollal Flefugee Flegime: llhe ()fficial J>erspecti\Te ------- 43 ~hat Explaills Belollgillg of Flefugees: i\ Case of SOllth i\sia -------------------------- 50 COIlClllSioll--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 C;1Ii\J>T~Fl 3 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65 The J>olitics of ~XclllSioll: Flefllgee Flights ill J>ostcolollial SOllth i\sia ---------------------65 1lltrodllctioll-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 The J>olitics of1v1argillalizatioll ill 1IlClia, BaIlglaClesh, allCl Sri ~anka------------------- 66 Determillillg the Qllestioll of Belollgillg ill SOllth i\sia ----------------------------------- 75 '1' Refugee Rights in India ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 81 Refugee Experiences in Various Camps in India ------------------------------------------ 88 Repatriation Policies in India --------------------------------------------------------------- 100 Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 107 ClIf\Pll~R 4 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 110 Political Strategies of Accommodation and Peace Process in Sri Lanka: A Case of llamil Refugees -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 110 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 110 Competing Narratives and Claims ofllami1 "lIomeland" in Sri Lanka -------------- 115 Political Persecution and Peace Initiatives to Bring llamil Refugees "lIome" ------ 124 llhe Road to Peace: From Parthasarathy to CF A and ISGA ----------------------- 126 llhe Impact ofPeace Process and ~xperiences ofllamil Retumee-Refugees in Sri Lanka --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 134 Narratives ofllamil Retum or "Narratives of Life?" ------------------------------------ 140 Refugee Narratives I: Vavuniya and Mannar ---------------------------------------- 144 Refugee Narratives II: llwice Displaced in Vavuniya and Mannar--------------- 149 What Explains Retum: Loss of "Home" or Identity?" - An Analysis of Retum ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 155 Relocations ofllamil Retumee-Refugees in Madhukarai: A Successful Story of Repatriation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 164 Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 171 CHAPll~R 5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 173 Policies of Belonging in Bangladesh: llhe Chakma Refugees in the Chittagong Hillllracts ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 73 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 173 Bengali Identity v. Jumma Identity: In Search of Jummaland ------------------------- 177 Rise in Religious Authoritarianism and Generation ofChakma Refugees in India- 186 Impact ofPeace Initiatives and Reconstruction ofChakma/ Jumma Retumees----- 194 Jumma Refugees' Search for "Home" in Khagracharri ---------------------------- 202 Jumma Retumees in Dighinala--------------------------------------------------------- 213 Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 225 VI r'\ C:lIi\J>ll~Et 6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 229 Negotiating Inclusion in "lIomeland": i\ C:omparative J>erspective on Eteturnees in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 229 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 229 llhe Variation in Integration of Eteturnees in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka ------------- 231 C:ontinuation of the J>eace J>rocess ----------------------------------------------------- 232 llhe ~ffect ofJ>eace i\ccord v. C:easefire i\greements on Eteturnees------------------ 237 Devolution of J>ower-Sharing and the C:ontinuation of J>olitics of ~xclusion --- 238 Strategies to i\ccommodate Eteturnees in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh ------------ 240 Ete-instatement of Land to Eteturnees -------------------------------------------------- 246 llhe J> 0 li tics of Etati on -------------------------------------------------------------------- 248 Freedom of Movement and the J>ass System ----------------------------------------- 249 Etole of Groups (llarnil Etebel Groups and J>C:JSS) in the J>eace i\ccord and C:F i\/ISGi\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 250 c:itizenship Etights of Eteturnees-------------------------------------------------------- 252 Eteturnees' Vision of "lIome" and "lIomeland" ----------------------------------------- 255 Locating "Horne" in Homeland? ------------------------------------------------------- 262 Disparate Viewpoints of "Horne" among llarnils and Jurnrna Eteturnees------------- 269 C:onclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 276 C:lIi\J>ll~Et 7 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 279 c:onclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 279 C:hallenges i\head and J>olicy Etecommendations---------------------------------------- 288 BIBLI()GFtJ\J>H):--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 290 i\J>J>~NDIX i\: List of Questions --------------------------------------------------------------- 331 i\J>J>~ND IX B: ~thics C:ertificate --------------------------------------------------------------- uploads/Politique/ belonging-in-exile-and-quothomequot-the-politics-of-repatriation-in-south-asia-pdf.pdf