Remerciez-le!

Remerciez @Admin pour avoir partagé cet document gratuitement, de la manière la plus simple, en partageant sur les réseaux sociaux.

lyd Q A Guide to Prindples and Practice Bram F. Noble B 368417 OXFORD UNIVERSIT

lyd Q A Guide to Prindples and Practice Bram F. Noble B 368417 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents List of Boxes, Tables, and Figures ix Preface: Using This Guide xiii Acknowledgements xiv Part I: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 Aims and Objectives of Environmental Impact Assessment Introduction Defining environmental impact assessment EIA substantive purposes and objectives The origins and development of EIA EIA origins EIA development International status of EIA Canada Australia European Union Japan China >. Developing nations and development agencies EIA process * Benefits of and challenges to EIA Key terms Study questions and exercises References A Brief Overview of Environmental Impact Assessment in Canada EIA in Canada Canadian EIA systems Provincial EIA Northern EIA Legal development of EIA EARP origins Canadian Environmental Assessment Act Towards 'higher-order' assessment EIA directions Key terms Study questions and exercises References 2 . 2 2 3 7 7 8 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 15 17 18 18 19 21 21 21 23 24 25 26 26 29 30 30 30 30 iv CONTENTS Part II: FOUNDATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 31 CHAPTER 3 Nature and Classification of Environmental Effects 32 Environmental change and effects 32 Order of environmental effects 33 Classification of effects and impacts 33 Nature of environmental effects and impacts 35 Temporal characteristics of effects and impacts 38 Magnitude, direction 39 Spatial extent " 40 Reversibility and irreversibility of effectsand impacts 41 Likelihood of effects and impacts 41 Key terms • ' 43 Study questions and .exercises 43 References 43 CHAPTER 4 Methods Supporting EIA Practice 44 s Methods and techniques 44 Methods for impact identification and classification 45 Examination of similar projects 45 Checklists 45 Simple matrices , ' 48 Interaction matrices • _ 50 Networks *; • 54 Overlays and features mapping . 57 Systems models 59 Expert judgment 61 Methods selection 61 Key terms 64 Study questions and exercises 65 References 65 Part III: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PRACTICE 67 CHAPTER 5 Screening Procedures 68 Screening 68 Screening approaches 68 Is an EIA required? 68 Towards a hybrid screening mechanism 70 Screening requirements in Canada , 73 Requirements for EIA 73 Type of EIA required 76 Some general guidelines for screening 79 Screening and the precautionary principle 80 Key terms 81 Study questions and exercises 81 References 81 CHAPTER 6 Scoping and Environmental Baseline Assessment EIA scoping Scoping types and functions Scoping requisites Describe the proposed activity Scope project alternatives Valued ecosystem components Establish assessment boundaries Establish the environmental baseline Identify potential impacts and issues Scoping continuation v Key terms Study questions and exercises References CHAPTER 7 Predicting Environmental Impacts Impact prediction Basic requirements of impact predictions Accuracy and precision Tools for impact prediction Modelling tools Extrapolation tools Experimental tools Analogue tools \ Judgmental tools / - Scenario tools ' 'i Spatial tools Predicting impacts on the biophysical environment What to predict Techniques Predicting impacts on the human environment What to predict Techniques Challenges to impact prediction Addressing uncertainty in impact prediction Verifiable impact predictions Key terms Study questions and exercises References CHAPTER 8 Determining Impact Significance Impact significance Determining significance Effect and impact characteristics Impact importance Approaches to significance determination Technical approach Collaborative aDDroach CONTENTS V 82 82 84 83 83 85 89 92 94 96 98 98 98 99 100 100 101 101 102 103 104 105 105 106 108 108 109 109 109 112 116 117 117 120 120 123 123 123 126 126 127 128 134 137 137 141 vi CONTENTS Reasoned argumentation Composite approach Guidance for determining significance Key terms Study questions and exercises v References CHAPTER 9 Managing Project Impacts Impact management Managing adverse impacts Avoidance Mitigation v . .. - Rectification Compensation Managing positive impacts Creating benefits Enhancing benefits Measures that support impact management Environmental management systems Environmental protection plans Impact benefit agreements E I A and impact management in Canada Key terms Study questions and exercises References / - CHAPTER 10 Post-decision Monitoring ' Follow-up Follow-up components Rationale for post-decision monitoring Compliance monitoring Progress monitoring Monitoring for understanding Requirements for effective follow-up Objectives and priorities identified Targeted approach to data collection Hypothesis-based or threshold-based approaches Effects-based approaches Control sites Continuity Adaptability, flexibility, and timeliness Inclusiveness Monitoring methods and techniques Key terms Study questions and exercises References 143 143 144 145 145 146 149 149 150 150 150 150 151 152 152 152 152 153 154 155 157 158 158 158 160 160 163 163 164 164 165 166 167 167 168 171 171 172 172 172 176 177 177 177 CHAPTER 11 CONTENTS Public Participation in EIA Involving the publics Rationale for involving the public Nature and scope of public involvement Identifying the publics Levels of involvement Provisions and requirements for public participation in Canada Duty to consult Traditional ecological knowledge Methods and techniques Meaningful participation Basic principles Operating principles Key terms ' Study questions and exercises References vii 179 179 179 181 183 184 185 186 187 189 190 191 191 192 192 192 P A R T IV: ADVANCING PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 12 Cumulative Environmental Effects The concept of cumulative effects Definition of cumulative effects Sources of cumulative effects Types of cumulative effects i Pathways of cumulative effects Cumulative effects assessment Models of CEA Spatial boundaries for CEA Temporal boundaries for CEA Methods for CEA Challenges to CEA in Canada Key terms Study questions and exercises References CHAPTER 13 Strategic Environmental Assessment The basis of strategic environmental assessment Systems of S E A Aims and objectives Types of S E A S E A frameworks Develop a reference framework Scope the baseline and issues of concern Identify trends and stressors Develop strategic alternatives 195 196 196 197 197 199 200 201 202 204 207 208 209 215 215 216 218 218 220 221 222 230 230 231 232 233 viii CONTENTS Assess the potential effects of each alternative 235 Identify a preferred option 235 Determine mitigation needs 238 Develop a follow-up and monitoring program 239 Implement the strategy and monitor 239 Directions in S E A 240 Key terms 241 Study questions and exercises 241 References 241 Part V: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT POSTSCRIPT 245 CHAPTER 14 The Effectiveness of Environmental Assessment: Retrospect and Prospect 246 Introduction 246 The substantive effectiveness of environmental assessment 246 Environmental impact assessment 247 Cumulative effects assessment 247 Strategic environmental assessment 248 Integrating the silos of environmental assessment 249 Towards a regional strategic assessment system 249 Prospects , • 251 References - 251 Appendix I: Alternative Means: An Exercise in Project Assessment 255 Appendix II: Alternatives to: An Exercise in Strategic Assessment 258 Glossary of Key Terms 260 Index 269 uploads/Management/ a-guide-to-prindples-and-practice-bram-f-noble.pdf