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ROMAN JAKOBSON SELECTED WRITINGS I ^ 1 P=ïr^ Phonological Studies 1962 MOUTON &

ROMAN JAKOBSON SELECTED WRITINGS I ^ 1 P=ïr^ Phonological Studies 1962 MOUTON & CO • 'S-GRAVENHAGE COPYRIGHT RFSERVED No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS BY MOUTON & CO. PRINTERS, THE HAGUE Library P V.l PREFACE This volume, dedicated to my mother on her ninetieth birthday, sums up forty-five years of inquiry into the sound texture of language (1916-1961) and includes most of the phonological studies written either by myself alone or jointly with E. Colin Cherry (Imperial College of Science and Technology, London), Morris Halle (Massachusetts Institute of Techno- logy) and John Lotz (Columbia University). Essays dealing with the relationship between phonemics and morphology or with phonemic doctrines of the past, and those where phonological criteria are applied in verse analysis, will appear in further volumes, devoted to grammar, to the history of linguistics, and to metrics. As to the Preliminaries to Speech Analysis, written jointly with Gunnar Fant (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm) and Morris Halle and matching an acoustic theory of speech production with phonemic criteria, may I refer to the fourth printing of this outline, newly issued by the M.I.T. Press, 1961. The papers contained in the present book reproduce the original text with a few abridgments and some small lexical, phraseological, and styhstic changes. All studies which in their definitive version were in English, French, German or Russian appear in these languages, while all other articles are given in English translation. The pubhcation preserves the chronological order in which the studies were originally written ; only the three earliest papers, compiled between 1916 and 1926 (the two latter of them shortened), have been put in an Appendix. For help in the preparation of this volume, I am gratefully indebted to my colleagues N. Chomsky, M. Halle, O. Pritsak, J. Van Campen and to Dr. Ellen Wiese. The work was graciously facilitated by the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (Stanford, California) and by the Center of Communication Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. CONTENTS Preface The Concept of the Sound Law and the Teleological Criterion . 1 Proposition au Premier Congrès International de Linguistes. Quelles sont les méthodes les mieux appropriées à un exposé complet et pratique de la phonologie d'une langue quelconque? . 3 Remarques sur l'évolution phonologique du russe comparée à celle des autres langues slaves 7 Avant-propos, 7. - I. Notions fondamentales, 8. - II. Remarques sur les problèmes actuels de la phonologie historique comparée, 16. - III. Re- marques sur l'évolution du système phonologique du protoslave, 24. - IV. Changement protorusse de je- initial en o- et faits similaires des autres langues slaves, 44. - V. Faits dialectaux du protorusse, 52. - VI. Con- séquences de la chute des jers faibles pour les idiomes slaves, 55. - VII. In- stitution de la corrélation „caractère mou ~ caractère dur des consonnes" en russe et dans d'autres langues slaves, et faits connexes, 68. - VIII. Faits communs au grand-russe et étrangers aux autres dialectes slaves de l'Est, 89. - IX. Altérations dialectales russes du vocalisme atone, 92. - X. Quelques conclusions, 104. Die Betonung und ihre Rolle in der Wort- und Syntagmaphono- logie 117 Über die phonologischen Sprachbünde 137 . . . 144 1. , 144. - 2. , 146.-3. - , 150. - 4. - , 156. - 5., 159. -6.- , 182. -7. , 185. - 8. , 191. - 9. , 194. VIII CONTENTS Principes de phonologie historique 202 I. Méthode intégrale, 202. -II. Changements phoniques extraphonologiques, 203. - III. Mutation phonologique, 204. - IV. "Déphonologisation", 205. - V. "Phonologisation",207.-VI. "Rephonoiogisation",209.-VII. Mutations des groupes de phonèmes, 212. - VIII. Modifications dans l'étendue des groupes de phonèmes, 213. - IX. Structure du faisceau de mutations, 215. - X. Permutation des fonctions, 216. - XI. Interprétation des mutations, 218. Phonemic Notes on Standard Slovak 221 Phoneme and Phonology 231 Sur la théorie des affinités phonologiques entre les langues . 234 (,) 247 Über die Beschaffenheit der prosodischen Gegensätze . . 254 I. Die Betonungsfunktionen, 254. - II. Die Wortunterscheidende und -abgrenzende Betonung, 256. - Die Betonung und die Vokalquantitiit, 256. - IV. Die gipfelbildende Betonung, 258. - V. Die analytische Quantitäts- auffassung, 259. On Ancient Greek Prosody 262 Observations sur le classement phonologique des consonnes 272 Zur Struktur des Phonems 280 Un manuel de phonologie générale 311 Les lois phoniques du langage enfantin et leur place dans la phono- logie générale 317 Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze . 328 I. Lautentwicklung der Kindersprache und der Aphasie als linguistisches Problem, 328. - II. Schichtenbau des Sprachlautsystems, 356. - III. Begrün- dung der Baugesetze, 373. - IV. Schlussbemerkungen, 394. , 402 Comparative Slavic Phonology 413 On the Identification of Phonemic Entities 418 (with J. Lotz) Notes on the French Phonemic Pattern . . . 426 For the Correct Presentation of Phonemic Problems . . . 435 On Slavic Diphthongs Ending in a Liquid 443 CONTENTS IX {wiíh E. Colin Cherry and Morris Halle) Toward the Logical Description of Languages in their Phonemic Aspect . . 449 1 . Introductory, 449. - 2. The Feature Pattern as a Logical Description of the Phoneme, 452. - 3. Removal of the Ambiguous Zero Signs, 456. - 4. Considerations of Phoneme Probabilities, 457. (with M. Halle) Phonology and Phonetics 464 I. The Feature Level of Language, 464. - IL The Variety of Features and their Treatment in Linguistics, 467. - III. The Identification of Distinctive Features, 477. - IV. Phonemic Patterning, 491. Die Verteilung der stimmhaften und stimmlosen Geräuschlaute im Russischen 505 Mufaxxama - the 'Emphatic' Phonemes in Arabic . 510 1. Componential Analysis of Arabic Nonsyllabic Phonemes, 510. - 2. Pharyngealized Dentals, 511.-3. Velarization and Labialization, 513. - 4. Pharyngealized Labials, 513. - 5. Pharyngealized Nasals, 514. - 6. Pharyn- gealized Velars, 515. - 7. Pharyngeals, 518. - 8. Some Conclusions, 520. Typological Studies and their Contribution to Historical Compara- tive Linguistics 523 I. Report, 523. - IL Concluding Remarks, 530. A New Outline of Russian Phonology 533 Why "Mama" and "Papa"? 538 Die urslavischen Silben ür-, ül- 546 {with M. Halle) Tenseness and Laxness 550 556 1. , 556. - 2. , 557. - 3. , 557. - 4. , 559. - 5. , 560. - 6. "" , 562. - 7. , 563. - 8. , 564. - Conclusions, 566. APPENDIX - - 571 Contributions to the Study of Czech Accent 614 On the Elimination of Long Consonants in Czech .... 626 X CONTENTS Retrospect "^^ Index of Names ^^^ Index of Languages ^^'7 Index of Subjects 671 THE CONCEPT OF THE SOUND LAW AND THE TELEOLOGICAL CRITERION The basic assumption of the neo-grammarian Hnguistic methodology, that of the sound law operating without exceptions in a given language at a given time, has, up till recently, repeatedly met with negative criticism, since the neo-grammarians have not been able to give a theoretical foun- dation for this working hypothesis. The revision of the traditional tenet leads to the recognition of the fact that language (and in particular its sound system) cannot be analyzed without taking into account the purpose which that system serves. Once this amendment is made, the objections to the doctrine of the sound law lose their validity. 1) The idea of a sound law operating without exceptions in a given language must be limited to a linguistic system characterized by one and the same function, i.e., to linguistic entities which are functionally equivalent. 2) The neo-grammarians did not succeed in explaining the social character of sound changes (why a speech community accepts and sanctions individual slips), but this problem too finds its solution once it is posed teleologically. The same requirement applies if one attributes the decisive role in sound changes to the succession of generations. 3) The overlapping between territorially, socially or functionally distinct linguistic patterns can be fully comprehended only from a teleo- logical point of view, since every transition from one system to another necessarily bears a linguistic function. The first attempts at a goal-directed interpretation of sound changes, in particular their explanation with reference to the law of the economy of energy or to fashion and esthetic factors, are one-sided and greatly over- simplify the problem. It is impossible to deal with the sounds of a given language without regard to its phonological system, i.e., to the repertory of meaningful distinctions among the acoustico-motor images proper to the given language. F. de Saussure and his school broke a new trail in static linguistics, but 2 THE CONCEPT OF THE SOUND LAW AND THE TELEOLOGICAL CRITERION as to the field of language history they remained in the neo-grammarian rut. Saussure's teaching that sound changes are destructive factors, fortuitous and blind, limits the active role of the speech community to sensing each given stage of deviations from the customary linguistic pattern as an orderly system. This antinomy between synchronic and diachronic linguistic studies should be overcome by a transformation uploads/Litterature/ jakobson-selectedwritings01.pdf