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2014 - 2015 This guide was written and prepared by the Reference & Information

2014 - 2015 This guide was written and prepared by the Reference & Information Services librarians. Latest revision by Matthew Remer Tallahassee Community College Tallahassee, Florida www.tcc.fl.edu/library 850-201-8383 -2- APA FORMAT The following examples and explanations follow the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition and the APA website www.apastyle.org for revisions. This handout is to be used as a guide and does not preclude using the above cited APA resources. ***AVOID PLAGIARISM – USE APA STYLE CITATIONS!*** You must credit all facts, opinions, and quotes taken from outside sources. All sources must be identified with an in-text parenthetical note and the item information listed at the end of the paper under “References.” GETTING STARTED FORMATING IN APA - Font = Times New Roman, 12-point size - Document margins to 1 inch - Insert page numbers in top right corner - Double space the entire document - A title page is standard unless otherwise specified by your instructor THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM & IN-TEXT CITATIONS APA style citations incorporate the author, date, and page number of any quotation you use.  Always use the author or authors’ last name(s).  Include the publication date in the text of the sentence or at the end of the sentence.  Direct quotations require the page number(s) of the original location of the source.  Use past tense in the phrase leading into the quotation.  You do not need to identify a source of information that is common knowledge. For example: Sigmund Freud lived from 1856-1939.  Page numbers may be omitted when referencing an entire work. Confused? Don’t worry, just check out the examples below demonstrating these basic rules of APA. DIRECT QUOTATIONS (fewer than 40 words) A direct quotation is an exact restatement of a writer's or a speaker's words enclosed in quotation marks. When quoting, there are options in APA to list the author, publication date, and page referenced in-text. The goal is to put all three elements – author, date, and page number – into the sentence with the quotation. Quote taken from Philip Zimbardo’s book, The Lucifer Effect: Zimbardo (2007) concluded that humans “are not slaves to the power of situational forces” (p. 446). OR The results showed that humans “are not slaves to the power of situational forces” (Zimbardo, 2007, p. 446). Corresponding citation for this book on the references page: Zimbardo, P.G. (2007). The Lucifer effect: Understanding how good people turn evil. New York: Random House. -3- PARAPHRASING Paraphrasing means to completely rephrase a quotation so the central idea is restated in your own words. It is not enough to just rearrange a few words! Paraphrased material does not include quotation marks but does require an in-text notation. ORIGINAL QUOTE: The findings showed that adolescents and young adults, including college students, appear to be one of the most sleep-deprived groups in the United States. POORLY WORDED & PLAGIARIZED PARAPHRASE: Teenagers and college students in the United States appear to be the most sleep-deprived group. CORRECT PARAPHRASING & CITATION: Research on which American population groups suffer the most from sleep-deprivation found that teenagers and college students lead all others (Forester, 2008). NO AUTHOR’S NAME When a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the title for the in-text citation.  Article in a journal/magazine/website or book chapter put in quotes A recent study shows homeless children are often overlooked ("Study Finds," 2010).  Title of a book, journal, magazine, newspaper, brochure, film or video put in italics Merit based assessment is primarily a means of promotion (Debating Affirmative Action, 2008). NO DATE If there is no date, put (n.d.) for “no date.” “Yearly increases in adolescent alcohol consumption” was noted (Weinberg, n.d., p. 15). NO PAGE NUMBERS Electronic sources or articles from websites might not have page numbers; in this case, start at the beginning and count the PARAGRAPH NUMBER. Use (para.) instead of (p.) followed by the paragraph number: Factors plagued the experiment, which resulted in “no substantial findings” (Kramer, 2008, para. 6). If possible, include the nearest chapter or section heading, then count the paragraphs until the quote: Kramer (2008) could not verify the findings of the previous study (Conclusion section, para. 4). QUOTE OCCURS ON MORE THAN ONE PAGE Put (pp.) and place a dash in between the page numbers the quote begins and ends on. There has been “much debate about whether or not the study’s results were accurate” (pp. 9-10). -4- HOW TO QUOTE A QUOTATION (citing indirect sources) You may quote something that has been quoted in another source. If you didn’t cite from the original work, indicate ‘as cited in’ followed by the author, date, page number of the secondary source. In 1936, Keynes wrote “governments should run deficits when the economy is slow to avoid unemployment” (as cited in Richardson, 2008, p. 257). BLOCK QUOTATIONS (more than 40 words) If a quotation is MORE THAN 40 WORDS, display in a free standing block and leave out the quotation marks. Begin a block quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin, introduced with a colon. The parenthetical note is placed after the final punctuation. Check with your instructor if they allow block quotations. Cowley (2006) revealed the following concerning Hepatitis C: Anyone who received a blood transfusion before 1992 could easily have been exposed. The danger was especially high in the 1960's, when blood banks paid donors and screening was lax. HCV infected a third of all transfusion recipients between 1960 and ‘65, according to Dr. Adrian Di Bisceglie, and the infection rate is close to 100 percent among hemophiliacs who received clotting factors before the mid-1980s. (p. 49) PARENTHETICAL IN-TEXT CITATION EXAMPLES NOTE: EXAMPLES ARE SINGLE-SPACED IN THIS GUIDE TO CONSERVE PAPER. BE SURE TO DOUBLE-SPACE BETWEEN ALL LINES. ONE WORK BY TWO AUTHORS Include both last names of the authors in alphabetical order every time. Only join the names with an ampersand (&) when the names are placed in the parenthetical citation. Grossman and Lenz (2009) discovered that children are most likely to be intimidated. OR Children are most likely to be intimidated (Grossman & Lenz, 2009). ONE WORK BY THREE TO SIX AUTHORS Cite the names of all the authors the first time the text reference occurs. In subsequent citations, include the last name of the first author followed by "et al.". Herbal medicines “have been found to alleviate stress” (Isacc, Klein, Fox, & Metress, 2004). Subsequent citation “Post-partum depression has been diagnosed amongst users in the group” (Isacc et al., 2004). ONE WORK BY SEVEN OR MORE AUTHORS Cite only the last name of the first author followed by "et al." - only list all authors’ names in the reference list. The date rape phenomenon has been acknowledged (Dornbusch et al., 2009). Dornbusch et al. (2009) acknowledged the date rape phenomenon. -5- ENCYCLOPEDIA ENTRY – NO AUTHOR Cite the title of the unsigned article using quotation marks. New Orleans has always been a meeting place for musicians ("Jazz History," 1999). ORGANIZATION, INSTITUTION, OR GOVERNMENT ENTITY AS AUTHOR If the name of a corporate author is long and if it is familiar and readily recognizable, you may abbreviate the name in the second and subsequent in-text citations. First citation in text Control group participants exhibited no reaction (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2008). Subsequent citation The results were unanticipated and startling (CDC, 2008, p. 123). PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS APA style only requires an in-text citation for personal communications. Give the first initial and last name of the interviewee, the type of communication (interview, lecture, email), and provide the date: Great concern was expressed about the economic recovery (R. Scott, interview, May 3, 2011). POWERPOINT SLIDES OR LECTURE NOTES PowerPoint slides or lecture notes should only be cited if they are electronically accessible in some way, like posted on the Internet or hosted in BlackBoard. Use the author’s last name and the year. WEBSITE CITATIONS To cite an entire general website (but not a specific document on the site), it’s sufficient to give the address of the site in a parenthetical note at the end of the sentence. No reference entry is needed in these instances. Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive website for children (http://www.kidspsych.org). WEBSITE – NO AUTHOR’S NAME AVAILABLE To cite specific materials on a website, include author’s last name, date, and paragraph number for the in-text citation. If no author name is available; use the first words of the title in quotation marks. “Researchers are seeing promising results of the first long-term clinical trial that measured stabilization of Alzheimer’s symptoms” (“Therapy Shows Promise,” 2012, para. 3). Example signal phrase introductions (past tense) When including a quotation or referencing outside sources, use a verb in past tense: Zimbardo argued, described, explained, claimed, asserted, noted, referred to, cited, contended, concluded, showed, found, revealed, put forth, stated… -6- FORMATTING THE REFERENCE PAGE  At the end of your paper, center “References” at the top of a new page uploads/Geographie/ apa-guide 4 .pdf